The effect is similar to that of motion pictures where the viewer actually sees a series of discrete images. Although the individual images remain stationary, there is an “apparent movement” that does not derive from a series of sensations but is a new outcome from the effect of two stimulus events working in cooperation. It was a paper on the phi phenomenon – the projection of two slightly separated spots of light in succession on a screen to give the impression of a single spot of light moving across the screen. In 1912, Wertheimer published the paper that gave birth to the Gestalt movement. All three rejected the atomistic approach. In 1900, Friedrich Schumann demonstrated the subtlety of form qualities for example, he showed that rotating a square through 45º produces a diamond, still a square but, in contrast to the stable and substantial square, a rather unstable delicate form.Ībandonment of the constancy hypothesis followed research by Max Wertheimer (1880 – 1943) at the University of Frankfurt and later together with Wolfgang Kohler (1887 – 1967) and Kurt Koffka (1886 – 1941). Von Ehrenfels advocated the inclusion of form qualities along with sensations to understand the perception of forms, music and movement. Relationships of elements and transposability are key properties of form qualities. Transferability does not depend on having common elements, as under the atomistic approach, but rather they have similar formal or structural properties. Thus the Gestaltqualitat is retained provided the relations between the elements remain unchanged. An idea can be expressed in different languages but remain identifiable. Fractals have the same property of being an identical form at varying scales. Similarly, a square shape retains its essential form regardless of size. If the relationship between the notes changes, so too does the tune, but significantly the melody is retained if it is transposed into another key. A melody is not just a collection of notes but a set of certain notes in a particular order and style. A square is more than the sum total of four equal lines and four right angles its most important characteristic is its squareness. Form qualities are properties of a whole or an entity which does not reside in its constituent parts (Wolman (a), 1973). In 1890, Christian von Ehrenfels identified the form quality or Gestaltqualitat as a key aspect of features. Typically these divide a landscape into its constituent parts, assess responses to the parts and then recombine them. Shafer et al, 1969, Daniel & Boster 1976, Dearden 1980. A similar atomistic approach characterizes many contemporary landscape analyzes, e.g. This approach assumed that sense data comprised pointillist mosaic of bits and pieces that were then aggregated into larger entities (Ehrenzweig, 1967). Gestalt psychology developed from the realization in the late nineteenth century that the atomistic approach to psychology and perception which reduced phenomena to their smallest possible quanta failed to explain characteristics that could derive from the combination of the individual parts. Contemporary perspective of the Gestalt contribution Click here
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